| The natives
of Borneo usually known collectively as the 'Dayak'. During the
colonial era, the work 'Dayak' is used specifically to designate
the non-Muslim and non-Malay of the Borneo island.
The Dayak generally consist of various type
tribes such as Bidayuh, Salako, Melanau, Iban, Kayan, Kenyah,
Kelabit, Lun Bawang, Penan and Punan, Saban, Berawan, Kedayan,
Lun Dayeh, Bahau, Ngaju, Modang, Rungus, Dusun, Kadazan, Murut
and Kajang.
There are some dispute about the
derivation of the term 'Dayak'. Its use become especially common
from the nineteenth century when it was increasingly employed by
European to refer to the pagan indigenous.
The Dutch and German scholars regularly
used the term to cover all non-Malay natives however the English
writers tended to restrict it to the so-called Land Dayaks and
Sea Dayaks.
Hans Schärer - the name Dayak,
probably derived from the Malays aja, means 'natives' and
it very likely a designation applied by immigrant Malays settled
on the coast to the pagan population of Borneo (1963:1)
The first European to land in Borneo was
Orderic of Pordenone, a Franciscan in the mid-1320s, However, it
was not until the sixteenth century the Europeans began coming
in the area in the numbers. The first of these later travelers
was an Italian, Ludovice de Varthema, in 1507, who traveled at a
port on the south coast. He was followed by many others. Among
the most renowned is Pigafetta, the Chronicler of Magellan's
voyage who continue to travel after the death of Magellan.
Asian merchants have been to Borneo
earlier to trade with the Dayaks. |

There is sufficient evidence to indicate that
about the seventh century AD forward, that is roughly about 1300
years ago, traders from China, India and neighboring continents
began to arrive in Borneo to trade, which was carried at the
barter system.
The traders exchange with the Dayaks items such
as ceramic wares, metal objects and ornaments, and perhaps even
silks and other textiles, in return for local products like
rhinoceros horns, turtle eggs, kingfisher's feathers, bird nest,
bezoars stones, camphor, damar and jungle products.
The evidences are found at excavation
sites which rarely available since the costal area are covered
by swamps or wash away by current and tide. Some best findings
are at Sarawak River Delta near Santubong, Kuching. Here T'ang
and Sung dynasty ceramic wares and potteries are from the
seventh century. Beside that the are some other relics such as
Annamese Monochrome wares (13th AD) found at Kabong and
Siamese Sawankhalek Wares (14th AD) at Gedong. The Sarawak Museum, over
the years, built upon firmly extensive collection of ceramic
wares which were acquired from the Dayaks. The collection
includes white and Yueh wares, Celadons, Temmoku and Siamese
wares, blue and white wares, polychromes, Japanese and
European wares and finally large variety of Martabar jars.
The Dayaks are the group of tribal people
who are enthusiastically used bead as decoration and currency in
their daily life. The colorful beads which have been used by the
Dayaks of Borneo can be broadly divided into two groups.
Of most interest are the colorful ornament beads, made of either
glass, cornelian and onyx and which commonly found in the
possession of the Dayaks. Ancient beads, mostly monochromes, had
been recovered in excavation sites in association with Chinese
ceramics dating to Sung dynasty or earlier.
Some of the ancient bead have been found
from Egypt, Greece, Middle East, India, China and pre Christian
Period. Once, a Dayak King wore a collection of beads which
valued as dear as his kingdom.
Beside stone, ceramics and potteries, a
large quantity of iron slag, together with tube like crucibles
which are used in smelting irons are found at Sarawak River
Delta. This evidence indicate that there was an active
iron-smelting industry in operation on this costal area. Due to
shortage of bronze particularly after the T'ang dynasty, there
was a demand of iron and other metal at China. At the same time,
there is also evidence to indicate that gold was also being
mined in the area.
Aside of the Chinese connection, the Dayak
also have their Indian counterpart in trading. A shrine with
Indian originality was found at Bangkissam near Santubong. The
finding of a silver deposit box at the shrine was a
Hindu-Buddhist tradition. Gupta, Stupa and sand stone carving
can be found in various excavation sites and astonishingly a
statue of Lord Ganesa was found at Limbang.
History revealed that, we Dayaks have been
performing trading in international arena. Sadly, we are stuck in the
midst of disillusion and contemplating if there are spaces for
us. Left without direction, mislead,
obscured and uncertain of the economic perspectives, the Dayaks
have to break the shackle that bond us to be labeled as weak
amateur. Relinquish this school of though everyone, the Dayaks
now will transform under the unification of economy to reinstate
the past, as an economy and political powerhouse ever known. The
Dayaks will reign once again in prosperity and harmony.
 |
La historia reveló eso, nosotros LOS Dayaks
hemos estado realizando comerciar en la arena internacional.
Tristemente, somos atascados en el medio de desilusiona y
contemplando si hay los espacios para nosotros. Dejó sin la
dirección, descamina, oscureció e incierto de las
perspectivas económicas, el Dayaks tiene que romper el
grillete que vincula nosotros ser marcado a aficionado como
débil. Abandone esta escuela de aunque todos, el Dayaks
ahora se transformará bajo la unificación de la economía
para reintegrar el pasado, como una economía y persona
enérgica política jamás conocido. El Dayaks reinará una vez
más en prosperidad y armonía. |
 |
L'histoire a révélé
cela, nous Dayaks a exécuté le commerce dans l'arène
internationale. Tristement, nous sommes enfoncés au milieu
de la désillusion et contemplant s'il y a des espaces pour
nous. Gauche sans la direction, tromper, a obscurci et
incertain des perspectives économiques, le Dayaks a à casser
la manille qui nous adhère être étiquetée comme l'amateur
faible. Abandonner cette école de bien que tout le monde, le
Dayaks transformera maintenant sous l'unification d'économie
pour réintégrer le passé, comme une économie et une centrale
électrique politique jamais connu. Le Dayaks régnera de
nouveau dans la prospérité et l'harmonie. |
 |
Geschichte hat das,
wir Dayaks hat durchgeführt Handel in internationaler Arena
offenbart. Traurig sind wir mitten in Desillusion gesteckt
und überlegend, wenn es Plätze für uns gibt. Hat ohne
Richtung verlassen, führt irre, hat verdunkelt und unsicher
von den wirtschaftlichen Perspektiven, der Dayaks muss die
Fessel brechen, die verpfändt, dass uns, als schwacher
Amateur beschriftet zu werden. Geben Sie diese Schule von
obwohl jeder, der Dayaks jetzt wird umgestalten unter der
Vereinigung der Wirtschaft auf, die Vergangenheit
wiederzueinsetzen, als eine Wirtschaft und politisch
powerhouse je bekannt. Der Dayaks wird noch einmal in
Wohlstand und Harmonie herrschen. |
 |
La storia ciò ha rivelato, noi Dayaks ha
eseguito il commercio nell'arena internazionale.
Sfortunatamente, siamo conficcati nel mezzo della
disillusione e contemplando se ci siamo degli spazi per noi.
Sinistro senza l'indicazione, inganna, ha oscurato ed
incerto delle prospettive economiche, il Dayaks ha per
rompere il ceppo che vincola ci essere etichettato il
dilettante come debole. Abbandonare questa scuola di
nonostante tutti, il Dayaks trasformerà adesso sotto
l'unificazione di economia per reintegrare il passato,come
un'economia ed una centrale elettrica politica mai
conosciuto. Il Dayaks regnerà ancora una volta nella
prosperità e nell'armonia. |
 |
De geschiedenis openbaarde dat, hebben wij
Dayaks verhandelen in internationale arena verricht. Droevig
worden wij in het midden van ontgoocheling gestoken en
denken na indien er ruimtes voor ons zijn. Linkerrichting's,
misleid, verduisterde en onzeker van de economische
perspectieven, de Dayaks moet de boei breken die verbindt
dat ons geëtiketteerd te worden als zwakke amateur. Sta deze
school van hoewel iedereen, de Dayaks nu zal transformeren
onder de vereniging van economie af om het verleden te
herstellen, als een economie en politieke ooit bekende
krachtcentrale. De Dayaks zal opnieuw in voorspoed en
harmonie heersen. |
 |
A história revelou
isso, nós Dayaks tem estado executando comércio em arena
internacional. Tristemente, somos colados no meio de
desilusão e contemplando se há espaços para nós. Deixou sem
direção, corrompe, obscureceu e incerto das perspectivas
econômicas, o Dayaks tem que quebrar a grilheta que nos liga
ser marcado como amador fraco. Desista esta escola de embora
todo o mundo, o Dayaks agora transformarão sob a unificação
de economia reintegrar-se o passado, como uma economia e
poço de energia político jamais sabido. O Dayaks reinará
mais uma vez em prosperidade e harmonia. |
 |
История показала, что,
мы DAYAKS выполнили торговлю в международной арене. К
сожалению, мы застреваем посреди разочарования и
рассмотрения, если есть места для нас. Оставленный без
руководства, введите в заблуждение, затененный и неуверенный
из экономических перспектив, DAYAKS должны нарушить
кандалы, которые связывают нас, чтобы быть помеченными как
слабый любитель. Оставьте эту школу того, хотя каждый,
DAYAKS теперь преобразует при объединении экономики,
чтобы восстановить прошлое, как экономика и политическая
электростанция, когда-либо известная. DAYAKS будет
править еще раз в процветании и гармонии. |
 |
历史透露那,我们 Dayaks
在国际竞技场一直在实施交易。悲伤地,我们陷在觉醒的中间中和沉思如果为我们有空间。没有方向离去,起误导作用,模糊和不确定经济远景中,
Dayaks 必须破坏保释我们被在上贴标签成弱的业余爱好者的桎梏。放弃这所学校可是每个人,
Dayaks
现在希望在经济的统一下的转换恢复过去,作为一种经济和被知道的政治发电站。Dayaks
将再一次在繁荣和和谐中统治。 |
 |
それであると明らかにされた歴史、国際的なアリーナを下取りに出して私たちDayakが作動しています。
残念ながら、私たちは幻滅の中央にくっついて離れなくて、スペースが私たちのためにあるかどうかを熟考します。
左 監督なしで、隠されていて、経済の見通しに確信がなくDayakを惑わしてください 足かせを壊さなければならないでください 弱いアマチュアのラベルを貼られるために私たちを接着する。
この学校をやめてください 皆常に知られている政治的である経済及び発電所過去を元どおりにするために今が節約の統一の下で変えるDayak であって
Dayakはもう一度繁栄と調和〔一致〕で統治します。 |
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역사는
저것을,
우리
계시했다Dayaks은
국제
무대안에
무역을
실행하고
있다.
우리들을
위해
공간
있으면
슬프게,
우리는
환멸과
관조의
중간에
막힌다.
방향없이
좌측은,
어둡게
해
그릇
인도하고
약한
아마추어로
레테르를
붙일
것이다
우리들을
조적하는
경제
원근법의
미심쩍은,Dayaks은
수갑을
끊어야
한다.
그러나
모두의
이
학교를,Dayaks지금
이제까지
알고있는
경제
및
정치적인
발전소로
과거를,
복직하기
위하여
변형시킬
것이다
경제의
통합의
밑에
포기하십시요.
Dayaks은
번영과
하모니안에
다시한번
재위할
것이다 |
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